Leveraging Remote Sensing and GIS in 3D Modeling of a River Section for Sandbar Assessment: The Case of the Mbam River in Cameroon
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48258/Parole chiave:
remote sensing, GIS, bathymetry, 3D modelingAbstract
The aim of this article is to utilize remote sensing in the bathymetric
study of a river section, by integrating GIS into 3D modeling of the
seabed in order to measure, map, and assess sediment accumulation for
potential exploitation of sandbanks.
This work is part of a broader effort to modernize the exploitation
of this resource, which until now has been carried out without planning
and control tools. A methodological approach combining passive
and active methods was adopted. The passive approach relied on the
analysis of satellite imagery, particularly NDWI ( Normalized Data
Wave Index) data. Difference Water Index) and infrared (IR) imaging
were used to identify wetlands, depositional environments, and river
dynamics. In addition, an active approach employed a GT52 echo
sounder to collect precise bathymetric data on the riverbed depth. This
data was then processed in a GIS environment to generate a Digital
Terrain Model (DTM), a depth interpolation, and a 3D model of the
river cross-section. The results enabled the identification of the main
depositional areas of exploitable sandbanks and their volume, the assessment
of their accessibility, and the proposal of an optimized extraction
plan. This work thus provides a reliable technical basis for guiding
industrial sand extraction with a focus on ecological sustainability and
also serves as a decision-making tool for this economic sector.
Riferimenti bibliografici
[1] M. Hatono and K. Yoshimura, “Development of a global sediment dynamics
model,” Prog. Earth Planet. Sci. , flight. 7, no. 1, p. 59, 2020.
[2] Y. Hirabayashi et al. , “Global flood risk under climate change,” Nat. Air conditioning.
Change , vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 816–821, 2013.
[3] RW Siemes, TM Duong, BW Borsje, and SJ Hulscher, “Fine Sediment Dynamics
Affected by Large-Scale Interventions; A 3D Modeling Study of An Engineered
Estuary,” Estuaries Coasts , vol. 49, no. 1, p. 11, 2026.
[4] W.-B. Chen and W.-C. Liu, “Modeling the influence of river cross-section
data on a river stage using a two-dimensional/three-dimensional hydrodynamic
model,” Water , vol. 9, no. 3, p. 203, 2017.
[5] A. Casas, G. Benito, V. Thorndycraft, and M. Rico, “The topographic data
source of digital terrain models as a key element in the accuracy of hydraulic flood
modeling,” Earth Surf. Process. Landf. J. Br. Geomorphol. Res. Group , vol. 31, no.
4, pp. 444–456, 2006.
[6] X. Liu, “Airborne LiDAR for DEM generation: some critical issues,” Prog.
Phys. Geogr. , flight. 32, no. 1, pp. 31–49, 2008.
[7] C.-K. Wang and WD Philpot, “Using airborne bathymetric lidar to detect
bottom type variation in shallow waters,” Remote Sens. Approximately. , flight. 106,
no. 1, pp. 123–135, 2007.
[8] CD Cin, L. Moens, P. Dierickx, G. Bastin, and Y. Zech, “An integrated approach
for realtime floodmap forecasting on the Belgian Meuse River,” Nat. Hazards
, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 237–256, 2005.
[9] Q. Zhang, J. Zhao, S. Li, and H. Zhang, “Seabed sediment classification using
spatial statistical characteristics,” J. Mar. Sci. Eng. , flight. 10, no. 5, p. 691, 2022.
[10] V. Merwade, A. Cook, and J. Coonrod, “GIS techniques for creating river
terrain models for hydrodynamic modeling and flood inundation mapping,” Environ.
Model. Softw. , flight. 23, no. 10–11, pp. 1300–1311, 2008.
[11] M. Leclerc, A. Boudreault, TA Bechara, and G. Corfa, “Two-dimensional
hydrodynamic modeling: a neglected tool in the instream flow incremental methodology,”
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , flight. 124, no. 5, pp. 645–662, 1995.
[12] PD Bates and A. De Roo, “A simple raster-based model for flood inundation
simulation,” J. Hydrol. , flight. 236, no. 1–2, pp. 54–77, 2000.
[13] P. Martini, L. Carniello, and C. Avanzi, “Two dimensional modeling of flood
flows and suspended sediment transport: the case of the Brenta River, Veneto
(Italy),” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. , flight. 4, no. 1, pp. 165–181, 2004.
[14] JL Carrivick, “Application of 2D hydrodynamic modeling to high-magnitude
outburst floods: An example from Kverkfjöll, Iceland,” J. Hydrol. , flight. 321,
no. 1–4, pp. 187–199, 2006.
[15] JL Carrivick, “Modelling coupled hydraulics and sediment transport of a
high-magnitude flood and associated landscape change,” Ann. Glaciol. , flight. 45,
pp. 143–154, 2007.
[16] DW Crowder and P. Diplas, “Applying spatial hydraulic principles to quantify
stream habitat,” River Res. Appl. , flight. 22, no. 1, pp. 79–89, 2006.
[17] B. Li, M. Phillips, and CA Fleming, “Application of 3D hydrodynamic model
to flood risk assessment,” in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-
Water Management , Thomas Telford Ltd, 2006, pp. 63–75.
[18] D. Dutta, J. Alam, K. Umeda, M. Hayashi, and S. Hironaka, “A two-dimensional
hydrodynamic model for flood inundation simulation: a case study in the
lower Mekong river basin,” Hydrol. Process. Int. J. , vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1223–1237,
2007.
[19] V. Tayefi, S. Lane, R. Hardy, and D. Yu, “A comparison of one-and twodimensional
approaches to modeling flood inundation over complex upland floodplains,”
Hydrol. Process. Int. J. , vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 3190–3202, 2007.
[20] CW Capizzano, AC Rhoads, JA Croteau, BG Taylor, ML Guarinello, and EJ
Shumchenia, “Mapping Seafloor Sediment Distributions Using Public Geospatial
Data and Machine Learning to Support Regional Offshore Renewable Energy
Development,” Geosciences , vol. 14, no. 7, p. 186, 2024.
[21] T. Hsieh and J. Yang, “Investigation on the suitability of two-dimensional
depth-averaged models for bend-flow simulation,” J. Hydraul. Eng. , flight. 129,
no. 8, pp. 597–612, 2003.
[22] M. Bertolacci, A. Zammit-Mangion, J. Valderrama Giraldo, M. O’Neill, F.
Bransby, and P. Watson, “GeoWarp: Warped spatial processes for inferring subsea
sediment properties,” J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , flight. 120, no. 550, pp. 710–722, 2025.
[23] N. Huybrechts, I. Jalón-Rojas, P. Tassi, A. Sottolichio, and others, “Threedimensional
numerical modeling of sediment transport in a highly turbid estuary
with pronounced seasonal variations,” Int. J. Sediment Res. , flight. 40, no. 2, pp.
333–347, 2025.
[24] MD Blum and HH Roberts, “Drowning of the Mississippi Delta due to
insufficient sediment supply and global sea-level rise,” Nat. Geosci. , flight. 2, no.
7, pp. 488–491, 2009.
[25] B. Shrestha et al. , “Impact of climate change on sediment yield in the
Mekong River basin: a case study of the Nam Ou basin, Lao PDR,” Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci. , flight. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2013.
[26] Y. Yonggui et al. , “Effects of dams on water and sediment delivered to the sea
by the Huanghe (Yellow River): The special role of Water-Sediment Modulation,”
Anthropocene , vol. 3, pp. 72–82, 2013.
[27] E. Park and EM Latrubesse, “Modeling suspended sediment distribution
patterns of the Amazon River using MODIS data,” Remote Sens. Approximately. ,
flight. 147, p. 232–242, 2014.
[28] V. Churuksaeva and A. Starchenko, “Mathematical modeling of a river stream
based on a shallow water approach,” Procedia Comput. Sci. , flight. 66, p.
200–209, 2015.
[29] SK McFeeters, “The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
in the delineation of open water features,” Int. J.Remote Sens. , flight. 17, no. 7,
pp. 1425–1432, 1996.
[30] B.-C. Gao, “NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing
of vegetation liquid water from space,” Remote Sens. Approximately. , flight.
58, no. 3, pp. 257–266, 1996.
[31] JS Bridge, “Fluvial facies models: recent developments,” 2006.
[32] Y. Li et al. , “Global classification of river morphology based on inland water
dynamics characterization and digital elevation data,” Sci. Rep. , flight. 15, no. 1,
p. 14258, 2025.
[33] GC Nanson and J. Croke, “A genetic classification of floodplains,” Geomorphology
, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 459–486, 1992.
[34] BR Rust, “A classification of alluvial channel systems,” 1977.
[35] B. Makaske, “Anastomosing rivers: a review of their classification, origin and
sedimentary products,” Earth-Sci. Rev. , flight. 53, no. 3–4, pp. 149–196, 2001.
Dowloads
Pubblicato
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2026 Frédéric Laurent Esse Esse
Questo volume è pubblicato con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale.
Gli autori che pubblicano su questa rivista accettano le seguenti condizioni:- Gli autori mantengono i diritti sulla loro opera e cedono alla rivista il diritto di prima pubblicazione dell'opera, contemporaneamente licenziata sotto una Licenza Creative Commons - Attribuzione che permette ad altri di condividere l'opera indicando la paternità intellettuale e la prima pubblicazione su questa rivista.
- Gli autori possono aderire ad altri accordi di licenza non esclusiva per la distribuzione della versione dell'opera pubblicata (es. depositarla in un archivio istituzionale o pubblicarla in una monografia), a patto di indicare che la prima pubblicazione è avvenuta su questa rivista.
- Gli autori possono diffondere la loro opera online (es. in repository istituzionali o nel loro sito web) prima e durante il processo di submission, poiché può portare a scambi produttivi e aumentare le citazioni dell'opera pubblicata (Vedi The Effect of Open Access).
